Compression Springs: The Working Principle and Correct Application

Introduction

What is a compression spring? A compression spring is a key mechanical component commonly found in industrial and mechanical fields. When subjected to an external force, a compression spring undergoes a change in length along its axial direction, storing energy through elastic deformation, and releases this energy when the external force is removed, returning to its original shape. This characteristic makes compression springs widely used in scenarios where mechanical force, shock absorption, and friction reduction are needed. They are essential components in many mechanical systems.

Working Principle of Compression Springs

Before understanding the working principle of a compression spring, we first need to grasp Hooke’s Law¹. This law is a fundamental principle in the theory of elasticity and is the basis for understanding the behavior of compression springs. According to Hooke's Law, the deformation of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied to it. It means that the compressive force (F) exerted on the spring and the displacement (Δx) are related by a constant (k), expressed by the formula:

F = k × Δx

Based on Hooke’s Law, when a compression spring is subjected to an external force, the restoring force increases as the compression increases, until it reaches the maximum compression limitation of the spring. The spring's elasticity constant (k) depends on its material properties and dimensions, which is why different types of compression springs exhibit different mechanical behaviors.

The design of compression springs aims to compress and store energy when force is applied, which is different from tension springs that store energy through stretching. The maximum compressive force and minimum restoring force are critical to the performance of the compression spring. Overcompression may lead to permanent deformation or failure of the spring.

The Types of Compression Springs and Their Applications

Small Compression Springs

Small compression springs are designed to meet the high demands for compactness and precision in precision machinery and electronic devices. Therefore, small compression springs are often made of high-strength steel and can be found in PCB boards and sensors.

Large Compression Springs

Large compression springs cater to the needs of industrial applications that require the ability to bear high loads, absorb strong impacts, and provide excellent elasticity. As seen in the current CNC manufacturing industry, these springs are used in CNC stamping machines, hydraulic presses, CNC punching machines, and other equipment.

Heavy-Duty Compression Springs

Heavy-duty compression springs are used in applications that need to bear heavy loads and withstand high impacts. They are widely used in heavy machinery and industrial equipment, such as cranes, construction machinery, and large compression devices. These springs provide reliable support and shock absorption in heavy-load applications, ensuring the stable operation of equipment.

Stainless Steel Compression Springs

Stainless steel compression springs, due to their excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature resistance, are commonly used in mechanical and industrial equipment, particularly in applications that need to operate in humid or corrosive environments, such as hydraulic systems, automated production lines, and precision machinery. These springs provide stable elastic recovery, ensuring long-term, reliable operation of the equipment.

• Small Compression Springs: Typically less than 10mm in diameter.
• Large Compression Springs: Diameter ranges from 10mm to 50mm.
• Heavy-Duty Compression Springs: Greater than 50mm in diameter.

Common Issues and Solutions

Causes of Compression Spring Failure

The common reasons for failure or deformation in compression springs include:

Overcompression: Exceeding the spring's maximum load can cause permanent deformation or failure.

Material Fatigue: Long-term repetitive compression and recovery may lead to fatigue of the spring material, affecting its elasticity.

Environmental Factors: Temperature, humidity, and other factors may impact the performance of the spring material.

How to Extend the Service Life of Compression Springs

To extend the service life of compression springs, the following measures can be taken:

Proper Lubrication: Lubrication can reduce friction between the spring and other components. Effective lubrication can also prevent spring corrosion.

Proper Load Usage: Springs can not be operated under overload conditions and regularly check the load balance.

Regular Maintenance: Regularly inspect the spring’s elasticity, wear levels, and deformation, and replace or adjust it as needed.

Conclusion

Understanding the working principle of compression springs, recognizing their types and applications, will help ensure sufficient protection when purchasing or applying them, maximizing the efficiency of the compression springs and ensuring the normal operation of equipment. During JLCMC's Black Friday, choose your favorite compression springs, click the image below to become our exclusive member, and enjoy up to $19 off for new members, along with more Black Friday promotions from JLCMC!