How Linear Actuators Work & What They Are

The linear actuator is a device that can convert rotary motion into precise linear motion. Through its own characteristics, it can carry equipment or itself to perform translation, up and down motion to achieve certain operational requirements. With the gradual development of modern automation and today's demand for mechanical operations, linear actuators are playing a key role.

What is a Linear Actuator?

Linear actuators, also known as “linear motors” or “electric cylinders”, are used as power drive devices that can convert the rotational energy generated by the motor into linear motion, just like a motor that pushes or pulls something in a straight line instead of rotating it. This conversion process usually involves the use of a lead screw or similar mechanism, in which the motor rotates the threaded screw, thereby moving the nut attached to the actuator arm in a linear direction.

Fig. 1 Linear Actuators Series

Linear actuators can be used as:

• Carry or support the translation, vertical or multi-directional movement of an object.
• Achieve precise positioning, linear motion and control operations in mechanical or automated systems.

The main features and advantages of linear actuators include:

• Repeatable high-precision operation during movement
• Allow customization,
• Durable and long service life
• High energy efficiency
• Types of Linear Actuators

The types of linear actuators can be roughly divided into three categories, and there are more if they are further divided. This article will only discuss the following three types:

Electric linear actuators: These actuators are driven by electric motors and use gears, screws, or belts to convert rotational energy into linear motion. They are known for their high precision, controllability, and low maintenance requirements.

Hydraulic linear actuators: These actuators use pressurized hydraulic oil, provide high-force output, and are generally used in heavy-duty applications. They require a hydraulic power unit and a reservoir, making them more complex but powerful.

Pneumatic linear actuators: Similar to hydraulic actuators, but using compressed air instead of hydraulic oil, pneumatic actuators are lightweight, cost-effective, and ideal for applications that require cleanliness.

How Does a Linear Actuator Work?

Linear actuators use the rotational energy of an electric motor and convert it into linear motion via gears, screws, or belts. A common example is an electric linear actuator, powered by a DC/AC motor (e.g. 12V-48V DC). The rotation of the motor is usually transmitted through a screw and converted into linear motion by a nut/bracket along the screw axis. This provides precise, controlled motion with adjustable speed and direction. With no fluids or complex hydraulic systems, maintenance costs are low, making it a reliable and cost-effective product for automation and machinery.

Fig. 2 JLCMC Linear Actuator Compatible Motor List

Conclusion

As a high-precision, low-cost and versatile mechanical automation component, linear actuators can adapt to the precise linear motion needs in different scenarios. From electric linear actuators to hydraulic and pneumatic models, understanding what linear actuators are and what they are used for is essential to fully use and maximize their capabilities.

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