Ball Screw Actuators vs. Hydraulic Cylinders: A Guide to How They Work

Fig. 1 A picture of a High Precision Linear Actuator

Every motion system comes down to one key question: what’s the best way to move a load in a straight line? For most industries, that answer usually narrows to two options—a linear actuator or a hydraulic cylinder. Both provide reliable push-and-pull force, but the way they work and the results they deliver are far from identical.

A ball screw linear actuator brings precision, programmability, and clean operation, making it a favorite for robotics, medical devices, and automated assembly. A hydraulic cylinder, on the other hand, offers unmatched strength and durability, powering heavy machinery, presses, and agricultural systems where brute force is non-negotiable.

This article breaks down how each technology works, where they excel, and what factors to weigh when choosing between them. By the end, you’ll have a clear picture of whether a linear actuator or a hydraulic cylinder is the smarter fit for your application.

What Is a Linear Actuator and How Does It Work?

Fig. 2 A picture of  an Electric Linear Actuator

A linear actuator is a device that creates straight-line motion by converting energy—usually electrical—into mechanical movement. Unlike rotary systems that spin, linear actuators move components forward or backward along a set path. That makes them useful in machines that lift, position, clamp, or sort with accuracy.

Inside most electric linear actuators, a motor turns a screw—often a lead screw or ball screw—which drives a shaft or rod. That rod extends or retracts to create motion. More advanced models may include position feedback, integrated controllers, or programmable stops.

You’ll see these actuators in a wide range of automation setups, including conveyor systems, lab tools, medical equipment, and packaging machines. Many systems that rely on precise, repeatable motion—like 3D printers or cleanroom robotics—lean heavily on this type of linear movement.

Compared to systems powered by fluid or air, a linear actuator tends to run cleaner and quieter. It’s a straightforward solution when rotary motors won’t work and when hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder systems are either too messy or too aggressive for the job.

What Is a Hydraulic Cylinder and How Does It Work?

A hydraulic cylinder is a mechanical device that transforms the energy of pressurized fluid into straight-line pushing or pulling force. Instead of spinning like a motor, it drives motion along a single axis—ideal for moving, lifting, or pressing with precision.

Inside the hydraulic cylinder housing, a piston divides the chamber into two sections. When hydraulic fluid is pumped into one side, the build-up of pressure forces the piston to shift, extending or retracting the rod. Controlling the flow and direction of the fluid determines whether the cylinder pushes outward, pulls inward, or holds steady under load.

Designs can vary. Some cylinders apply force in just one direction and rely on a spring or load to return, while others—called double-acting cylinders—exert power in both strokes. Seals, ports, and mounting styles also adapt the cylinder for different applications, from compact machines to massive earth-moving equipment.

You’ll find hydraulic cylinders wherever rugged, repeatable force is needed: in cranes, loaders, factory automation, water-based systems, and even electro-hydrostatic actuators. Their appeal lies in the combination of strength, smooth operation, and durability in environments where lighter-duty systems can’t compete.

Ball Screw Actuator vs Hydraulic Cylinder

Fig. 3 A Picture of Hydraulic Cylinders

Lining up a ball screw linear actuator against a hydraulic cylinder reveals just how differently they achieve straight-line motion. Both can extend and retract with force, but the mechanics—and the trade-offs—set them apart.

A hydraulic cylinder relies on pressurized fluid to shift a piston and rod. The result is raw, immediate power, capable of moving massive loads that electric systems simply can’t match. That strength, however, comes with added weight, plumbing, and a dependency on pumps, valves, and seals that must be monitored over time.

A ball screw linear actuator, on the other hand, takes a precision-driven approach. Here, an electric motor rotates a finely engineered screw, and the nut translates that motion into smooth, predictable travel.

Because of this design, a linear actuator can hold position without drift, repeat motions with micron-level accuracy, and integrate easily with sensors and feedback controls. Unlike hydraulics, it runs clean, requires little maintenance, and doesn’t rely on fluid power.

Where the hydraulic cylinder is unmatched in heavy-duty lifting and durability, the ball screw linear actuator excels in environments where accuracy, programmability, and reliability are non-negotiable. Put simply: one is built for force; the other for control.

Linear Actuator vs. Hydraulic Cylinder: Detailed Comparison Table

Linear Actuator vs. Hydraulic Cylinder: When to Use Which

Choosing between a linear actuator and a hydraulic cylinder depends on the balance of precision, force, and environment. Each has its own strengths, and knowing when to use one over the other can make a big difference in performance.

A hydraulic cylinder shines in situations that demand raw power. Driven by fluid pressure, it can generate enormous force, making it the go-to option for construction machinery, heavy presses, or mining systems where massive loads need to be moved.

These cylinders are also incredibly durable, handling harsh conditions with ease. But the trade-off is complexity—pumps, hoses, and regular maintenance come with the package.

On the other hand, a linear actuator is better suited for applications where accuracy and control are most important. A ball screw linear actuator, in particular, provides smooth, repeatable motion and the ability to stop at exact positions every time. That makes it ideal for tasks like lab automation, robotics, or precision assembly. Since it’s electrically driven, there’s no need for hydraulic fluid or plumbing, which means cleaner setups and lower upkeep.

In short:

• Use a hydraulic cylinder when heavy loads and rugged conditions are the priority.
• Use a ball screw linear actuator when precision, programmability, and clean operation are more important.

Both technologies deliver straight-line motion, but the choice depends on whether your system values sheer strength or fine-tuned accuracy.

Need more than a stepper motor can offer? For longer strokes, guided alignment, and industrial-grade repeatability, an actuator with an integrated guide rail is often the smarter upgrade.

Choosing the Right Linear Actuator or Hydraulic Cylinder for Your Needs

Fig. 4 A picture of a Linear Actuator Kit

Selecting between a linear actuator and a hydraulic cylinder starts with understanding the job at hand. It’s not only about stroke length or power—it’s about aligning each technology’s strengths with your application’s demands.

Start with the basics:

• Force capacity: Need extreme pushing or lifting strength? A hydraulic cylinder is built to handle heavy-duty loads where brute power is essential.
• Precision and control: If accuracy and repeatable positioning are priorities, a ball screw linear actuator offers smooth, programmable motion with minimal drift.
• Stroke and space: A compact linear actuator is often easier to integrate into tight spaces, while a hydraulic cylinder can deliver longer strokes and higher force output in larger systems.
• Environment: Consider dust, moisture, or corrosive exposure. Electric-driven actuators, such as ball screw linear actuators, keep systems clean and leak-free, whereas hydraulics may require regular fluid maintenance.

Other questions worth asking:

• Will the actuator need to hold precise positions under varying loads?
• Does your setup already include a hydraulic power unit, or is electric integration simpler?
• Should the system connect with sensors, controllers, or feedback loops?

Some actuators are optimized for speed, using screw or belt-driven designs. Others focus on protection, with sealed housings or reinforced seals to withstand harsh use. The best choice isn’t made on specifications alone but on how well a linear actuator or hydraulic cylinder fits real-world operating conditions.

Final Thoughts

When it comes to choosing between a linear actuator and a hydraulic cylinder, there’s no one-size-fits-all answer. Each technology is built with a different priority in mind. A ball screw linear actuator excels in applications where precision, programmability, and clean operation are critical, while a hydraulic cylinder dominates in environments that demand heavy lifting, durability, and sheer force.

The key is to match the device to your real-world requirements. Consider the force you need, the environment you’re operating in, and the level of control your system demands. In many cases, the decision comes down to power versus precision.

By understanding the strengths of each—whether it’s the accuracy of a linear actuator or the raw strength of a hydraulic cylinder—you’ll be better equipped to select the solution that keeps your operation efficient, reliable, and future-ready.

Looking for a linear actuator that actually fits your environment, not just your spec sheet? At JLCMC Online Store, we’re home to guide rail linear actuators for stable, controlled motion. Besides, aluminum-enclosed actuators built for dusty or high-moisture settings.

Whether your application calls for guided precision or sealed protection, we’ve got you covered. Call us today, and we shall be more than happy to help.

FAQS

What is the difference between an actuator and a hydraulic cylinder?

An actuator is a broad term for any device that creates motion, while a hydraulic cylinder is one specific type of actuator that relies on pressurized fluid to generate force. A linear actuator typically converts electrical energy into controlled straight-line motion, often using a screw mechanism.

In contrast, a hydraulic cylinder is chosen for raw power in heavy-duty applications, whereas a ball screw linear actuator is preferred for precision-driven tasks like robotics or automation.

Is a hydraulic cylinder a linear actuator?

Yes, a hydraulic cylinder is considered a type of linear actuator because it creates motion in a straight line. Unlike an electrically powered ball screw linear actuator, which uses a motor-driven screw for accuracy and control, a hydraulic cylinder depends on fluid pressure to extend or retract a piston.

Both fall under the linear actuator category, but their operating methods and strengths differ significantly.

What are the disadvantages of linear actuators?

While a linear actuator offers clean operation and precise control, it typically delivers less force than a hydraulic cylinder, making it unsuitable for extremely heavy loads. A ball screw linear actuator can provide high accuracy and repeatability, but it may be more expensive and sensitive to harsh conditions like dust or vibration.

In environments where rugged durability and raw strength are essential, a hydraulic solution is often the more reliable choice.

Are hydraulic or electric actuators faster?

Speed depends on the design, but generally, a hydraulic cylinder can achieve rapid extension and retraction under load because fluid power reacts quickly. However, an electric linear actuator, especially a ball screw linear actuator, often provides more consistent speed across the stroke with smoother acceleration and deceleration.

If raw speed and power are required, hydraulics may have the edge, but for controlled, programmable motion, electric actuators are often the better option.

Bibliography / References

• Cylinders Inc. "What Is a Hydraulic Cylinder? How It Works, Types, Uses." Cylinders, Inc.: Hydraulics & Pneumatics Service in Chicago. Last modified 1, 2025. https://cylindersinc.com/blog/what-is-a-hydraulic-cylinder.
• Ips. "The Power of Precision: Unveiling the Remarkable Benefits of Linear Actuators." n.d. https://www.industrialprofile.com/the-power-of-precision-unveiling-the-remarkable-benefits-of-linear-actuators/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20primary%20advantages,%2C%20automation%2C%20and%20manufacturing%20processes.
• Iqsdirectory. "Linear Actuator: What Is It? How Does It Work? Types Of." OEM Manufacturers | OEM Manufacturing Companies | IQS Directory. Accessed July 21, 2025. https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/linear-actuator.html.
• Tameson. "Pneumatic Cylinder Overview and Types." Tameson.com. Accessed July 31, 2025. https://tameson.com/pages/pneumatic-cylinders.